Article 1 (Pages 1–10)

[Advances in Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Intervention Strategies of Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus]

Authors: Arjun Vikram Patel, Muhammad Zain ul-Haq, Nguyen Van Hung, Rahul Suresh Nair
Abstract Preview: With the progressive aging of the global population, the comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia has emerged as a critical public‑health challenge among older adults. This review summarizes current evidence regarding pathogenesis, modifiable and non‑modifiable risk factors, as well as multi‑modal intervention approaches for sarcopenia in older adults living with T2DM. Limitations of existing studies and directions for future clinical research are also discussed, hoping to provide reference for early screening and comprehensive clinical management of this comorbid condition.
Keywords: older adults; type 2 diabetes mellitus; sarcopenia; insulin resistance; risk factor; intervention

Article 2 (Pages 11–17)

[Effects of Empowerment‑Based Psychological Intervention on Negative Emotions, Self‑Management Ability and Wound Healing in Patients with Diabetic Foot]

Authors: Robert Daniel Hawkins, Oliver James Beckett, Sean Patrick Gallagher, Harry Thomas Bennett‑Davies, Austin Blake Sullivan
Abstract Preview: Diabetic foot is a severe and disabling chronic complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This single‑center prospective randomized controlled study explores the application effect of standardized empowerment‑based psychological intervention on negative emotion regulation, self‑management ability improvement and wound‑healing promotion in patients with diabetic foot. Results indicate that empowerment‑based psychological intervention can effectively relieve anxiety‑depression negative emotions, improve disease self‑management capacity and accelerate wound‑healing outcomes for diabetic‑foot patients.
Keywords: diabetic foot; empowerment intervention; psychological nursing; negative emotion; self‑management ability; wound healing; nursing intervention

Article 3 (Pages 18–26)

[Elderly Hypothyroidism Presenting with Recurrent Hypoglycemia as the Initial Symptom: A Case Report and Literature Review]

Author: Mateusz Piotr Nowak, Oleh Volodymyr Kovalenko, Katarzyna Anna Wiśniewska
Abstract Preview: Elderly primary hypothyroidism may manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Recurrent spontaneous hypoglycemia is a rare initial symptom of hypothyroidism and is easily misdiagnosed. This case report describes a 72‑year‑old female patient presenting with recurrent hypoglycemia without classic hypothyroid manifestations. After levothyroxine replacement therapy, hypoglycemia symptoms completely resolved. This paper summarizes clinical clues for differential diagnosis to reduce misdiagnosis rates of atypical senile hypothyroidism.
Keywords: elderly patients; primary hypothyroidism; recurrent hypoglycemia; atypical manifestation; case report; misdiagnosis

Article 4 (Pages 27–34)

[Effects of Different Doses of Statins on Vascular Endothelial Function and Organ Safety in Elderly Patients with Hyperlipidemia]

Authors: Takashi Kato, Minjun Park, Hiroki Taniguchi
Abstract Preview: This retrospective controlled study compares low‑dose and moderate‑dose atorvastatin in elderly hyperlipidemic patients. Moderate‑dose atorvastatin shows better lipid‑lowering and endothelial‑protective effects without increased hepatic‑renal risks for elderly patients with intact organ function, providing reference for geriatric lipid‑lowering medication.
Keywords: elderly patients; hyperlipidemia; statins; dosage; vascular endothelial function; organ safety; clinical efficacy

Article 5 (Pages 35–43)

[Research Progress on Risk Factors and Preventive Nursing Strategies of Pressure Injuries in Hospitalized Patients]

Authors: Wei Zhao
Abstract Preview: This narrative review analyses risk factors of hospital‑acquired pressure injuries in inpatients, summarizes evidence‑based preventive nursing bundles based on the 2025 NPIAP‑EPUAP‑PPPIA guideline, and proposes targeted improvement suggestions for real‑world clinical nursing practice.
Keywords: hospitalized patients; pressure injury; risk factors; preventive nursing; evidence‑based nursing; care bundle; hospital‑acquired pressure injury